The Ottomans took control of Jerusalem from the Mamluks and left their own distinct mark and traces that preserved their bright history in the Holy City. Ottoman Sultan Selim I entered all of the Levantine countries without significant resistance, and Jerusalem was one of the cities he conquered. Sultan Selim I was the first Ottoman sultan to take the title of Caliph of the Muslims. After his death, the caliphate passed to his son, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. During his reign, many constructions were carried out in major cities of the Islamic world at the time, including Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Aleppo, Cairo, and others, with Jerusalem receiving significant attention from the Sultan and his ministers due to its religious importance for all Muslims. The first reference to the establishment of Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem appeared in Ottoman documents in 1874 (the independent administration of Jerusalem al-Sharif). This mutasarrifate consisted of the districts of Jerusalem, Jaffa, Hebron, and Gaza, and between 1906 and 1909, the Nazareth district was added. In 1899, the state authorized the Jerusalem mutasarrıf to establish a new district in Beersheba, which was part of the Gaza district. Administratively, the Ottoman state set up all the governmental departments and institutions that are usually found in provincial centers in the city of Jerusalem. During the Ottoman period, Jerusalem was part of the Syrian province, and its administrative affiliation changed several times, sometimes being under Damascus and at other times under Beirut, until it became Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The title ""al-Quds al-Sharif"" was given to Jerusalem, which has been associated with the city to this day. This research discusses Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem during the Ottoman period in terms of its administrative, scientific, cultural, and demographic organization, and the role of the Ottoman state in managing the city of Jerusalem and spreading culture, science, and civilization across Palestine while protecting it from all colonial conspiracies. The researcher will adopt an analytical inductive approach to historical texts, books, and documents that cover this era. The research is divided into three sections: the first section focuses on Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem and its administrative division during the Ottoman period; the second section discusses the general situation in the Jerusalem district; and the third section examines the role of Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in the formation of Palestinian consciousness. The research concludes that the Ottomans showed great interest in Palestine in general and Jerusalem al-Sharif in particular. The Ottomans were the first to give Jerusalem the title of ""al-Quds al-Sharif,"" and Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem played a significant role in jihad, cultural awareness, and the spread of knowledge in the city. The administrative divisions of the Levant, Palestine, and Egypt demonstrate the level of administrative progress during Ottoman rule.