The concept of “medical missionary” brings with it a number of conceptual discussion and diversity due to ambiguity in the definition. This dualism is shaped through the position of the person who carries out the missionary activity on identity, limitation and position on the field of activity. One of the distinctive points in this regard is directly related to the articulation of the “medical mission” or “medical missionary” phenomenon as a new field due to conditions for general missionary activities. So much so that the missionaries, which determine the church and educational institutions as a field of activity, have exhibited a reactionary attitude over time over health institutions such as hospitals and dispensaries. In this respect, medical missionary activities were used as a very effective method in terms of obtaining clearer results. Jerusalem and its environs, which have an ancient history, have been a region where medical missionary activities are carried out intensively due to its structure and strategic position. Mission organizations whose assets in the Ottoman geography dating back to the 16th century have become strong structures, especially at the beginning of the 20th century. As a matter of fact, a large part of the Ottoman lands, especially Jerusalem and its environs, has become the work center of American Board, German, British, French and Russian mission organizations. These mission organizations, Jerusalem and its surroundings to a considerable extent hospital, dispensary, clinical and so on. Numerous patients have sent many health institutions, nurses and pharmacists who have established many health institutions of various sizes. He carried out these activities with the motto, where there are opportunities for missionary where there is pain, where there is pain, where there is pain, and where there is a doctor ”. It has tried to ensure the trust of the people of the region by creating a center of attraction by performing their health services with modern medical tools and equipment. In addition, medical missions were the missionary branch that was least hindered by officials and administrators. The fact that they were warmly welcomed by the civilian population, that their activities were free of charge, and that they were less costly than other missionary branches in terms of their impact, was very effective in expanding their field of maneuver. However, with the effects of the First World War, most of the hospitals were gradually closed or confiscated by the Union and Progress governments in power. They resumed their activities as the Ottoman Empire weakened and began to lose its dominance in the region. The objective of this study is to identify the activities of medical mission organizations operating in Jerusalem and its environs during the final years of the Ottoman Empire. In addition, the study will examine the health institutions and organizations that these organizations established, and will reveal their impact on the region's population. In order to accomplish these objectives, primary sources from this period, primarily Ottoman archives, were examined. The findings of this study indicate that mission organizations operating in Jerusalem and its environs were subject to meticulous monitoring and control by the Ottoman State. It was also ascertained that the operation of unlicensed health institutions was prohibited, and separatist missionaries were subject to specific penalties.The analysis revealed that the most prominent medical missions in the region were those of the French, Germans, Americans, British, and Russians. Consequently, the present study is to modestly contribute to the scientific research conducted on the history of Jerusalem and Palestine. Specifically, it is regarded as a significant advancement in that it unveils a novel perspective on the health dimension of Jerusalem and its environs, thereby directing future research in this domain.